Unlocking the Potential of Nanoscale Defects for Enhanced Heat Insulation
Key Highlights :
The NOMAD Laboratory researchers have recently shed light on fundamental microscopic mechanisms that can help with tailoring materials for heat insulation. This development advances the ongoing efforts to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability. Heat transport plays a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications, such as catalysis, turbine technologies, and thermoelectric heat converters. In the context of energy conservation and the development of sustainable technologies, materials with high thermal insulation capabilities are of utmost importance.
The design of highly insulating materials is a key research objective in enabling more energy-efficient applications. However, designing strongly heat insulators is far from trivial, despite the fact that the underlying fundamental physical laws have been known for nearly a century. At a microscopic level, heat transport in semiconductors and insulators was understood in terms of the collective oscillation of the atoms around their equilibrium positions in the crystal lattice. These oscillations, called "phonons" in the field, involve a huge number of atoms in solid materials and hence cover large, almost macroscopic length- and time-scales.
In a recent joined publication in Physical Review B and Physical Review Letters, researchers from the NOMAD Laboratory at the Fritz Haber Institute have advanced the computational possibilities to compute thermal conductivities without experimental input at unprecedented accuracy. They demonstrated that for strong heat insulators the above-mentioned phonon picture is not appropriate. Using large-scale calculations on supercomputers at of the Max Planck Society, the North-German Supercomputing Alliance, and the Jülich Supercomputing Centre, they scanned over 465 crystalline materials, for which the thermal conductivity had not been measured yet. Besides finding 28 strong thermal insulators, six of which feature an ultra-low thermal conductivity comparable to wood, this study shed light on a hitherto typically overseen mechanism that allows one to systematically lower the thermal conductivity.
The researchers observed the temporary formation of defect structures that massively influences the atomic motion for an extremely short period of time. Such effects are typically neglected in thermal-conductivity simulations, since these defects are so short-lived and so microscopically localized compared to typical heat-transport scales, that they are assumed to be irrelevant. However, the performed calculations showed that they trigger lower thermal conductivities.
These insights may offer new opportunities to fine-tune and design thermal insulators on a nanoscale level through defect engineering, potentially contributing to advances in energy-efficient technology. The use of nanoscale defects in materials could be a game-changer in the field of heat insulation and energy efficiency. By understanding the underlying physics of these nanoscale defects and their influence on heat transport, researchers can develop materials with improved heat insulation capabilities.
The findings of this research open up a new avenue of exploration for scientists and engineers to explore and develop materials with enhanced thermal insulation capabilities. This could lead to improved energy efficiency and sustainability, as well as more efficient applications in the fields of catalysis, turbine technologies, and thermoelectric heat converters.
The research conducted by the NOMAD Laboratory has significantly advanced our understanding of heat transport and its implications on energy efficiency and sustainability. By unlocking the potential of nanoscale defects, researchers can now develop materials with improved heat insulation capabilities. This could lead to a more sustainable future, and more efficient applications in the fields of catalysis, turbine technologies, and thermoelectric heat converters.
